
 
I've been busy for quite a while and because of the weather, I didn't feel 
like being baked by the summer heat in Hong Kong. So I took a short trip
 to Hunan (湖南), the province closest to the northeastern tip of Quandong 
Province. Hunan is the province which produced Mao Tsetung and one of the most powerful armies of the Qing Dynasty, the famous Xiāng Jūn
 (湘軍)  under Zeng Guofan (曾國藩) who took a decisive role in defeating the 
armies of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (太平天國) (1850-1864). He built up his 
armies from the existing regional and village militia forces called tuanlian
 (團練). But  after he took control of Changsha (長沙), Wuchang(武昌) and 
Hanyang (漢陽) and Anhui (安徽 ), he was made the Viceroy of liangjiang (兩江總督) controlling Jiangxi (江西), Anhui (安徽) 
and Jiangsu,(江蘇), in control of an army which rivaled those controlled 
by Manchu generals and was appointed vice-president of 
the Board of War and eventually in 1863-64 retook control of  Nanjing from the Taiping armies,  after a fierce 
three-day battle.Then the Xiang Army pillaged and robbed the city, 
killing 150,000 people 
and setting it on fire. The city burned until July 26, 1864 but Zeng was
 
made Marquis (of the First Class) Yiyong (毅勇侯). From 1864-1890, 
nearly half of the viceroys in China came from the Xiang Army. According to our local guide, this 
tradition continued even after the formation of the People's Liberation 
Army:  6 of the 10 highest generals were from Hunan and 9
 of the 20 
highest military leaders are also from Hunan! In addition, during 
Sino-Japanese War, in the 4 battles in Changsha
from 1938-1944, the Nationalist armies defeated the Japanese armies 3 
times but there were heavy casualties from both sides. It's is estimated
 that more than 100,000 Japanese were either injured or died but Chinese
 casualties were even higher, amounting to some 130,000, one of the 
biggest during the war. But the battles substantially delayed the Japanese 
invasion of China.